ABSTRACT
The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a meiosis-specific proteinaceous macromolecular structure that assembles between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis in various eukaryotes. The SC has a highly conserved ultrastructure and plays critical roles in controlling multiple steps in meiotic recombination and crossover formation, ensuring accurate meiotic chromosome segregation. Recent studies in different organisms, facilitated by advances in super-resolution microscopy, have provided insights into the macromolecular structure of the SC, including the internal organization of the meiotic chromosome axis and SC central region, the regulatory pathways that control SC assembly and dynamics, and the biological functions exerted by the SC and its substructures. This review summarizes recent discoveries about how the SC is organized and regulated that help to explain the biological functions associated with this meiosis-specific structure.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chromosome Segregation , Meiosis/physiology , Synaptonemal Complex/physiologyABSTRACT
Objective: The classical formula of Dingxiang Shiditang can be used for hiccup and vomit which caused by many reasons,its molecular mechanism of this formula was investigated.Method: Based on the integrated pharmacology platform of traditional Chinese medicine,the potential molecular mechanism of Dingxiang Shiditang was revealed from the dimensions of multi-components and multi-targets.Result: There were 89 compounds related to hiccup and vomit of Dingxiang Shiditang,and there was 1 common target[cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1)].On the one hand,CNR1 could inhibit the occurrence of hiccup and vomit by inhibiting the release of γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),dopamine,5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT);on the other hand,CNR1 could inhibit gastrointestinal motility and delay gastric emptying,and it was speculated that CNR1 may play a role in regulating gastrointestinal motility through brain-gut axis.Meanwhile,the mechanism of Dingxiang Shiditang may be related to nucleotide metabolism and nervous system.Conclusion: Dingxiang Shiditang may regulate gastrointestinal motility by affecting the release of neurotransmitters,mitochondrial energy metabolism,and achieve its effect on hiccup and vomit based on the joint intervention of multiple targets and multiple pathways.
ABSTRACT
Toutongning capsule (TTNC) is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with good effect for treating migraine in clinical application. In this paper, a systems pharmacology method was carried out to study the TNF mechanism of the TTNC on the migraine. First, the ingredients for TTNC were collected from TCM databases, and ADME properties prediction was firstly applied to screen out the active compounds of TTNC. Then, the target searching and identification was performed by using CSDT model, and the targets were mapped to the migraine disease to determine the active targets through some common databases like TTD. To obtain the targets related with TNF signaling pathway, KEGG pathway analysis was performed by DAVID online analysis tool. Finally, the "herbs-compounds-targets" network was built by Cytoscape software. According to the results of degree and betweenness in the network, the key active compounds and targets were determined to explore the TNF mechanism for TTNC. Results showed that 19 active compounds and 8 targets played a crucial role in the treatment of migraine by TNF pathway for TTNC. This work provided a new perspective to deepen the understanding of the TNF signaling pathway mechanism in migraine treatment by TTNC, and may provide a necessary theoretical basis for the determination of effective markers and the clinical research of this medicine.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) in the mammary gland of hypertrophic breast and its significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>EST expression in the mammary gland was detected by EnVision two step method of immunohistochemistry in 15 cases with normal breasts and 32 cases with hypertrophic breasts, including 19 gland-associated cases and 13 fat-associated cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive expression rate of EST in mammary gland was 34.4% (11/32) in hypertrophic group and 93.3% (14/15) in normal group, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01). The positive expression rate of EST was 10.5% (2/19) in gland-associated group and 69.2% (9/ 13) in fat-associated group, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Decrease or deletion of EST in the mammary gland may be related to the development of hypertrophic breast, especially gland-associated hypertrophic breast.</p>